Critical inquiry into ecologicalally responsive architecture : a case study of the Isimangaliso Wetland Park (KwaZulu-Natal)

Abstract

This dissertation explored the severe strain on South Africa's natural resource base, leading to ecosystem degradation. The expanding built environment poses a threat to the sustainability of the natural ecosystem, resulting in imbalances between the resource base and socio-economic development. In support of Sustainable Development Goal 11 (2023:1), “Take an active interest in the governance and management of your city. Advocate for the kind of city you believe you need,” preserving and conserving the environment was deemed crucial, prompting an urgent shift towards ecologised architecture1 . The research aimed to critically examine ecologically responsive architecture in the sensitive environment of iSimangaliso Wetland Park, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, using a case study approach incorporating a qualitative analysis of primary data, secondary data and visual observation. The focus was on analysing theories, concepts, and principles related to the relationship between the built environment, natural environment and humanity, as well as ecological architecture, conservation, traditional buildings, and precedents crucial for successful conservation initiatives. The study sought to understand the factors leading to the "world heritage site" designation, emphasise the importance of conserving the natural ecosystem in iSimangaliso Wetland Park, analyse the implementation of sustainable pro- ecological development for a new green economy, and explore how traditional methods in the built environment can be combined with modern sustainable technologies for an alternative ecological response to built form. The study found the historical significance of traditional shelters in the humanenvironment relationship, underscoring their vital role in achieving sustainability. The preservation of South African heritage sites, particularly iSimangaliso Wetland Park, was highlighted. The research delved into the multifaceted concept of conservation within iSimangaliso Wetland Park, defining conservation as the wise management of natural resources. It aligned the park's vision with the concept of conservation, aiming for a renowned World Heritage Park with sustainable practices. Recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage site underscored its exceptional value, meeting three criteria and emphasising the need to preserve the environment in the context of the built environment. The dissertation highlighted the significance of ecological architecture, addressing the gap in integrating traditional techniques with modern technologies. Yahya and Hassanpour (2022:3) proposed a Hybrid Model that combined these elements, specifically for iSimangaliso Wetland Park, to bridge this gap and enhance conservation efforts within heritage sites. Precedent studies showcased diverse approaches but revealed a lack of synergy, particularly in the park's existing architectural structures. Focusing on the park's cultural richness, the research advocated extracting principles from indigenous communities like the Thonga and Zulu. The case study revealed a diverse architectural language, lacking consistency and cultural identity. The park’s buildings suggested that traditional cultures could influence design principles, emphasising the use of locally sourced materials and encouraging sustainability. The study identified the relevance of a shift towards a new green economy, proposing the implementation of a design approach in iSimangaliso Wetland Park based on the Hybrid Model by Yahya and Hassanpour (2022). This model combines traditional architecture with ecological principles to address gaps, raise awareness, and contribute to ecosystem conservation.