Chili, Nsizwazikhona SimonQwatekana, Zikho2026-06-112026-06-112026-05https://hdl.handle.net/10321/6395Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy In Management Sciences Specializing in Hospitality, Ecotourism, and Environmental Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2026.The governance of protected areas plays a crucial role in balancing conservation objectives with the socio-economic needs of local communities. While collaborative governance has been recognized as a mechanism for enhancing conservation outcomes and community livelihoods, challenges persist in achieving equitable and effective stakeholder participation. This study aimed to examine the governance structures of protected areas in South Africa, focusing on the interplay between conservation authorities, local communities, and ecotourism stakeholders. The research sought to identify both the barriers and opportunities for collaborative governance in ensuring the sustainability of protected areas. The study adopted a qualitative research approach, employing stakeholder interviews, policy analysis, and case studies of selected protected areas. A purposive sampling method was used to engage key informants, including conservation managers, local governance representatives, and community stakeholders. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to assess governance effectiveness, stakeholder engagement, and policy implementation in protected area management. Findings reveal that while collaborative governance has the potential to improve conservation outcomes and socio-economic benefits, its full realization is hindered by unequal power distribution, limited local capacity, and conflicting stakeholder priorities. The study highlights that existing governance structures, though well-intentioned, often fail to facilitate meaningful participation and equitable benefit-sharing. Additionally, governance inefficiencies, policy misalignments, and the absence of adaptive management strategies further challenge sustainable protected area management. Despite these barriers, the research identifies opportunities for strengthening governance frameworks through inclusive decision-making, improved local capacity-building, and dynamic stakeholder partnerships. The study underscores the need for adaptive and inclusive governance models that reconcile conservation imperatives with local development aspirations. Without equitable and transparent governance frameworks, the long-term sustainability of protected areas remains at risk. The findings emphasize the importance of fostering stronger collaborative mechanisms to address emerging challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and land tenure disputes. Future research should focus on refining governance models to enhance stakeholder participation and ensure sustainable outcomes for both conservation areas and the communities that depend on them. The study advocates for the development of dynamic, context-specific governance mechanisms that are transparent, inclusive, and adaptable to changing environmental and socio-economic conditions.208 penCollaborative GovernanceProtected AreasConservationEcotourismLocal LivelihoodsStakeholder EngagementProtected areas--South Africa--ManagementConservation of natural resourcesBiodiversityEcotourism--South AfricaSustainable developmentThesishttps://doi.org/10.51415/10321/6395